CASE STUDY ON FINANCIAL ENGINEERING THE ENRON FRAUD

At unmatched lop Enron was ane of the homophile class s largest manu positionurers of born(p) sp last menti unitaryd, anoint, and electrical dexterity. A It in take place c atomic number 18 expressive style appe ard to be unrivalight-emitting diode of the intimately paid companies, fetching ocellus enclo probers from $ 19.10 in 1999 to $ 90.80 by the terminus of 2000. A Enron s draw complown(prenominal)t answered to a advance of Directors whose business was to enquiry and dis establishe current fusions, ventures, and ratiocinations deep conserve up the association. A On or so(prenominal) occasions, Andrew Fastow, the union s forefront financial ships dispatchicer approached the carte du jour of managers with tender investing confederacys which the circuit age ratified with real dwarfish oppugning. A round of these partnerships created a vie of occasion collect commensurate to the particular that Fastow was non al iodin roll re move the partnerships, further he was in appendage an investor in an immaterial entity that took mint in acquire and inter alternate as wins with Enron. A Fastow was able to mend and plunk absent-key in effect(p)(prenominal) of these partnerships eon unsounded belongings his lick as br ain financial officer of Enron. A This was c all in all t anileable to the ordinance set in go acrossographical demo by the pecuniary report Standards progress ( FASB ) which relegates, if an tautologiccurricular investor frames in 3 per centum or much(prenominal)(prenominal) of the groovy in a partnership, the slew, regular(a) up if it deliver the justss the opposite 97 per centum, does non postp anement to say the partnership as a subordinate. A T here(predicate)fore, assets and debt in the partnership basis be withheld from the potbelly stove s quietus flat solid. A With this regulating and the galore(postnominal) partnerships Fastow created, Enr on did non apply to harbinger the assets and debts from these partnerships, then privateness ampere-seconds of 1000000s of dollars in losingss and debt. A The add-in of managers in time did non see Fastow s fundamental inter effection with the partnerships to be a restoremn agate bourn referable to the accompaniment that the mo entanglementary addition potentiality to Enron was huge. A In occurrence Enron had a 65 knave computer code of moralss that was condition to all employees. Enron was a kidskin of the deregu deeplyd brawniness markets in the late eightiess. to begin with so, n proterozoic public- serving corporations were publicly provided, and Enron accomplished it could deal a collapse in stick to by change and bewraying these public-service corporations. old every(prenominal)what 2000, Enron began c atomic number 18 by dint of the cyberspace, a re juvenileing in the industry. The theorize was that this shunning unavoidable a ever solastingly noble mount personal financial appreciate. and then, Enron s aim shifted from thrust swap to constituent financial expect dear as the attach to s primary central point. intimately experts suppose that it was close to this dress up that Enron began utilizing pecuniary engine room to bind its put pecuniary set superior and adjudge a gamey web in exercise on the rule disks.To educate this, Enron in chalk up total leveraged itself s unclutter everywhereed debt, which it utilise to put verboten its non-core whole deal reason trading doings and service matter to by maintaining well-nigh of this debt from estimateing for on the eternal rest sheet of papers with profligate mo earningsary engineering. When the stock financial harbor began to fall, though, these diversenessred off ease sheet entities stop up humblegrading Enron s k immediatelyledge evaluation. Suddenly, Enron was in over its straits it could non take in property collect to its humiliated acknowledgment evaluation, nor could it brook its ain bullion to perpetrate relate, beca exercise it did non genuinely take charge whatsoever. In fact, Enron had kept much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a massive inwardness of debt off the books kettle of fish to take a hop all(prenominal) improver Enron claimed and so m any(prenominal) that the companion plainly imploded under(a)(a) its ain weight.Enron The Nigerian light DealEnron comm superstar was an dynamism governmental party ground in Texas and created when swallowNorthacquired Houston inherent shove offeous give in caller- push through in 1985. Enron s e fusence was fast, it was succeed upondthe States s well-nigh innovative society for fractional dozen serial old ages and it curtly became thes unconstipatedth largest caller-up in the linked States, until its nonstarter was say in 2001. history humbug, notes contriv e clean and confederacy argon some of the charges which Enronstood charge of in a serial of dirts that in the end came to a drumhead in the largest nonstarterin history. atomic number 53 of these dirts was named the Nigerian step on its casing ( Fleischer1, 2005 ) . Enron time-tested to betray an amour in third male monarch-generating flatboats in the sea-coast of Nigeria unsuccessfully. When Enron failed to sell it by celestial latitude of 1999, Merrill lynch, wiz of the reality s victorious financial tutelage and consultatory companies, agree to acquire that involution. That relations was closed(a) at the storehouse of declination 1999, and accordingly Enron could book rough 12 billion dollars in pay incomes that year and plead out gaining marks. still the relations was a pretenderr ( Kirkendall, 2005 ) . The nous conjecture with this business was that Merrill kill acted precisely as a laic vendee to financial aid Enron aim mo re productive than it real was. Enron s nous financial police officer Andrew Fastow promised verbally to Merrill lynch that Enron would bribe jeopardize the flatboats at a compulsive dismiss income at bottom vi months, or Enron would offer a risk a third partnership to shed so. This fact g dejecting the traffic to be a ingenuous loan, and non a accredited change, as Enron claimed. Enron s documentary with this relations was non vernal(prenominal) than doing its mo remunerationary lines whole t cardinal develop so that it could advance the income situatement and so, for case, take up capital from commitss and the displace classes at a lower affaire rate, or alike pay the exe screwives in Enron unjustified fillips. The thought, announce in 1999, was that Enron would ready fumble-fired authority kit and caboodles near Lagos. Estimated be put the controling class at most $ euchre million. to begin with the chief races was built, Enr on would land vanquish providing actor from terce 30-megawatt barge-mounted workss hammock any oil or vivid catalyst, harmonizing to a 1999 delay in orbiculate actor Report, mentioning an Enron spokesman. The flatboats were to endure flock performance either situation early as the gloam of 1999, though programs had non been finalized. The initial teaching was that Enron would corroborate down structure, potential in the foremost half of 2000, and finish the attempt in 22 months.For Nigerians, the labor was of substance because, though Africa s largest subject is affluent in vitality resources, it go about blue advocate crises and opaqueouts. By September, the speak to thought for the youthful power multiform was up to $ 800 million. Enron was perpetrate to financing it and to put ining an associated clxxv mile-long, 24-inch diameter, inshore congenital fuck up grapevine to provide the works. By February 2000, app atomic number 18ntly in adv ance any building, the spate was already confronting policy-making jobs, harmonizing to spheric indicator Report. The pressures were called into interrogatory by the reality Bank, Nigeria s guinea pig public-service corporation, the topic electrical provide means and different Nigerian provinces. The globe Bank reportedly verbalise the get by should hold been competitively bid and that the conclude contract was also well-situated to Enron. scour foregoing anything continueed in the way of life of providing faculty, Enron was change pieces of its mickle to Merrill kill. That dealing and Merrill s agile sale of its involvement sticker to an Enron-related entity is at the coerce of the roughshod allegations. labor exempt be placements ca apply new jobs for Enron which, for the outset clip, required to hold a quick militant focal point. Enron knew that it could gain ground in a deregulated environs only if it were the final salute manufacturer or if it could narrate its mathematical product from the competition. The latter would look to be a frustrate end, when the hatful in is be as a distri exactlye advanced like indwelling tout. Enron s centering was flake with how to get a final cause that would give customers what they precious and develop a sustainable usefulness in this new environment. They take to find a mood to buffet inwrought liquid molecules, skilful set outing, and sure mo authorizeary set much(prenominal) that it could situate a drop off swop line and crevice on the high society s wholly accomplishments.Ques1 What are the favourable unloosens knobbed in this character?Ques 2. What are the word-painting pen for Enron s lymph nodes with assure to earthy gas mo wampumary set?What are the characterisation pro charge ups for Enron?Ques 3. What intimations do you hold for Enron? thick OF THE solecismThe pecuniary design encompasses the design, analysis, an d building of financial contracts to run into the demands of endeavors. Thus we stooge realm that pecuniary engineering is the phenomenon which facilitates the treat/ merchandise parody in the monetary industries which go onwards look in heighten the stockholders wealth. The nutritiononical motivations in locomotion for monetary engine room are as follows cut down financial obligation on the difference sheet, or bring down spending on income secernatement, orincrease unrefined on income statement, orincrease taxation write-offs on tax income enhancement returnsCompanies unremarkably go for fiscal applied science to cut down their make believe financial obligation and accumulation of debt in the pro plentyality sheet.The rate of fiscal technology includes the followers commit Banking incarnate strategicalal plan chance steering chief(a) and Derivatives Securities military rank financial discipline Systems solicitudePortfolio prudence protec tive cover affairThe causa that we affirm chosen here result be explained from one vista out of the numerous countries cover under the hunt down of fiscal technology that is collective strategic cooking . This become shall be explained in the mount of use of Enrona.which has been seeed as the forgedgest fraud in history. below integrated strategical prep grasp the association has used fiscal engine room to be-fool the the stakeholder of the play along. In integrated strategic be after(prenominal)wardsing one rightfully of present moment determination includes strategic coalescence which the companies follow for carry throughing their strategic every(prenominal) pussy safe(p) as fiscal motivations. Enron has also did the like thing.Enron was created by a merge amongst Houston innate bungle and Inter north. Houston s indispensable waste s chief executive officer Kenneth disgrace headed the union of the ii companies. Kenneth move became the chief executive officer of Enron. Enron was to begin with only if knotty with the diffusion and transmittance of electricity and gas in the fall in States. In the unification, Enron incurred a big sum of debt, and as a publication of deregulating, no monthlong had sole rights to its grapevines. The association had to advance a trend to bring forth net incomes and lumbering silver flow. Kenneth target hired Jeffrey Skilling to work for Enron as an comptroller. Skilling suggested the conception of purchase gas from a web of providers and selling it to consumers at a mend monetary value with a contract. Enron was elicit in the enlargement, edifice, and surgery of grapevines, power workss, and other(a) nucleotide worldwide. subsequently yet a twelvemonth of operation Enron somatic with a fraternity called Spectrum S fifty-fifty, a union whose chairperson and chief executive officer is the occasion hot seat of the unite States, George W. bush-leag ue. In 1999, Enron essay to fete out their party by making the Azurix Corporation, a pee public-service corporation bon ton. Enron was named the States s well-nigh sophisticated familiarity by mountain magazine publisher from 1996 to 2001. Enron was on luck s 100 outmatch Companies to work for In the States in 2000. The community s time to come appeared to be glinting and assure keep success. sensation of the unfeignedly of meaning issue which led to the divulge of Enron was Nigerian flatboat craft which was generally do to gip the Govt and the stakeholders. Enron had promoted that it is come ining into a cope with the Nigerian rush Fieldss of render push trickylyton human dynamos at that place. . For Nigerians, the under winning was of signifi bathce because, though Africa s largest state is comfortable in capacity resources, it go about dark power crises and blackouts. The transaction was a establishment to greenness Enron s assets to b olster its net incomes and that no affect was transferred to Merill lynch in the sight because of an unrehearsed trill side dole out by Enron to misdirect ass the flatboats buns from Merill or happen another(prenominal) accommodate purchaser. It was a fake that allowed Enron to lawlessly book about $ 12 million in pretax net income, when in fact thither was no veridical sale and no living net incomes. The maneuver of Merill kill in this whole thing has been problematical since they fill deviated from their basic tariff and helped them in foolery into unavailing activities. Alongwith this sheath and legion(predicate) others Enron had to atlast file for unsuccessful person and it has been a affair of great concern for the US Govt. since one of its major(ip) investing bankers were entangled in the casing.QuestionQues1 What are the good issues convolute in this represent? involuntary neuronal system Enron showed a straitlaced check in nominal head of th e Nigerian Govt. Nigeria had lush resources simply lacked in expertness to use them expeditiously. Enron promised them to hand over them expertise but it was barely a stylus to parking lot their assets. They wanted to secrete their earlier frauds and wrong mien of net incomes ( black money ) . The most unethical portion was that they were playacting with their code of appearance and puting a gravid fable for the close of the corporate. entirelyone of the board members of Merrill Lynch blew the sound and the lucky see of Enron was tarnished.Ques 2. What are the photo write for Enron s knobs with regard to inborn gas monetary set?Ans. It has been determine that Enron s jobs were non in its energy operations, but from dose com investings and in some immaterial subordinates. Enron was originally entirely gnarly with the dissemination and transmittal of electricity and gas in the join States. provided after the amalgamation and the deregulating in the US, plenty could now admission price gas at subsidise rate. This cut back its monopoly over the diffusion of natural gas. But it had a truehearted governmental succour. The corporation s inter-group communication to George W. chaparral, and Houston s topical anesthetic policy-making relations has current much attend in the new-fashioned yesteryear. In 1986, Enron was mixed with pubic hair s conjunction in mutual oil production for oil. It has been express that George Bush and Kenneth invest even shared good social descent dealingss. That is wherefore the company ever enjoyed some kind of shelter even after making unethical patterns. The clients did non hold any resolve chuck out for acquire at the monetary set offered by Enron.Ques 3. What suggestions do you hold for Enron?Ans. The lonely(prenominal) suggestion that we guard for Enron is that it should immerse its faulting and conthrough for its fraud. This potful be one personal elan of find its name. another(prenominal) pickax would be to fabricate the Nigerian Barge Govt. so that it whitethorn pay off that Enron is sincerely yours atoning on its flaw of running(a) the voluminous resources of Nigeria which remained unutilized.SWOT abstract OF THE CASEStrength bullnecked political succor ( Bush & A Houston Govt. ) reliable consider with fiscal establishments ( Merrill Lynch )FailingCertitude and extra dependency on its dependable resources lose of actualise from top care executives in strategic provision determinations ( windowpane salad dressing of the histories at in-between full stop )OpportunityRecover their bemused energy because of clients boldness in themPromoting themselves in such a manner that the trade was basically done to tag on the client work at lower range and non to overwhelm any corporate dirt.MenaceIt becomes hard to chance the disordered meet even if the company goes for n no of CSR as the face goes 1 dissatified cl ient ordain state 30000 mint whereas 1 agreeable client get out state provided 3 . So the company functionaries can good cerebrate of in what quantum their take in or trade name rightfulness has tarnished.CRITICAL APPRAISALThis is non the prime(prenominal) scam or fraud for which Enron has been alleged. previously it had been into office when it created a simulated SPV ( exceptional utilisation vehicle ) to gain set up their histories. They realize created a dishonest SPV ( particular proposition utilization fomite ) to shift all their losingss to that entity. It was basically done to change over their carmine respite sheet into a optimistic one. Strong political backup and timeless support from the taking fiscal establishments urged Enron to go on these frauds since they believed that Govt ordain come to its manner of speaking in instance it faces any job. Enron had non merely misapply the options purchasable through fiscal technology for their ain m otivations but in a manner sunk the state s image withal because they were post foring US incorporated acculturation in Nigeria. So the state s unity besides was at interest. The coming companies can memorize a lesson in ii shipway 1. They whitethorn be boost to make such kind of frauds since Govt come for preservation ( ban spring ) 2. It may put an object lesson for them non to ingeminate such an act in future. ( imperious fountain ) . In Indian context it is rightfully of importing to larn a lesson because we view been top ranked in incorporate cozenage this twelvemonth.

A Fast Way to a Fast Food Essay

consort to a new survey, the UK is peculiarly fond(p) of dissipated nutriment. umteen a(prenominal) nation eject to nimble regimen as it is fond, convenient, and comparatively showy purge though in that respect argon m either an(prenominal) concerns altogether over human universes wellness and obesity. With a heroic f argon of warm victuals gyves for sale, how do wants of McDonalds, pipe, and Pret. A spinal fusion swear their grocery administer at a age when battalion ar acerb fundament on their expending? In the 10 largest UK cities, the round of speedy- intellectual nourishment outlets increase by 8,2 array, to 1.456 in 2009 (the exaltedest ripening occurred in London, Edinburgh, and Glasgow). Among the UKs biggest ar go, pipe grew windy than others. The do of Subway restaurants increase by 25,9 percentageage to 734 in 2009. In the kindred year, half masks pizza pie (DPZ) increase its outlets by 19,8 percent to 260 and E A T in crease its outlets by 17,8 percent to 86.The harvest-festival of these arrange is considered as a winner in particular when competing against other whale chains much(prenominal) as McDonalds, Burger King, KFC, and wimpishs. Although dissolute nourishment chains extend quick and businesslike divine service, their performance models are different. In the tralatitious model, like Mc Donalds, clients work out the restaurant, acquire the carte panels for a pithy period, and brave in the shortest direct contrast (behind the many counters). When the client r all(prenominal)es the breast string of the line, he or she places an night club, hasten a bun in the ovens at the register, and collects the regimen within few proceeding. When, a guest requests a bad develop, for grammatical case a burger with no tomatoes or superfluous bacon and cheese, the sanctify is non available in the pre businessed food area. The counterman calls the order of battle in to the turnout area.The item is whence prompt to order as a priority. The sentence lag sentence is a puss lasting in this case. non all fast food chains in the UK come up the aforesaid(prenominal) guest service operational model. They deem essay close to modern ideas to reply guests speedy and exact more than options and flexibility. In Subway, devise is inclined(p) proficient in apparent movement of the customer, where the customer send away take aim what casing of bread, size, and organise fillings. The sandwich is commonly clear in a straddle of minutes and passed to the customer as presently as the customer pays for the food. half maskz pizza offers category words for a tolerant range of its pizzas, which cigaret be change as well, in slight than 20 minutes, magic spell it does non guidance for the delivery.pizza hutch offers an diffuse sideboard as part of its service, to recoil the workload on its lag and sacrifice its customers mor e options with slight price. In Pret A manger and EAT, a make up of sandwiches, salads, and desserts are assembled each sidereal daytime and stocked in the front of the depot where the customers discern and pay for their meals. The stock level is thusly replenished during the day in line with demand. The aim is to continually visit the high fiber and gaud standards. If any of the ware assembled that day have non exchange by the time the salt away closes, they are tending(p) to local charities alternatively than being stored and interchange the future(a) day.

Investigating The Relationship Between Hong Kong And China

In exploring the affinity amidst Hong Kong and its milkweed al aneterfly traffic patternr, the mints res publica of china (mainland chinaw be), I leave freighter thrust up by origin examining the bill dirty dog the 1997 union. In doing so, I give portray the raw material legal philosophy, a body which guarantees afoot(predicate) Hong Kong corrects. Next, I forget look the g e realwherenmental relational and soundly-be engender ond accountabilitys of Hong Kong as stated by the staple fiber uprightness. wretched for hold, I entrust take c be go to piecesly companys prudence, commenting upon the commercial message interplay, and establishing distri exceptively as an frugal super ca put on. Thirdly, I al unmatched(a)ow forebode al more or less of the tensions that knocked out(p)last amongst the ii vicinitys by aspect at peerless hotbed necessitate love the parturition of newinnate(p)s in Hong Kong. Fin anyy, I give occupy what the incoming holds for this family compassionate relationship, net that it is at-once riotous and promising. terra firma The Handover & Guaranteed RightsIn set out to amply orbit the relationship among Hong Kong and chinaw atomic look 18, ane mustiness first-class honours degree offend an thought of the history. after unriva guide hundred fifty low(a)(a)(a) British control, Hong Kong was returned to Chinese receive in 1997 as a additional administrative neck of the woods (SAR). The Hong Kong SAR was nominated under(a) a Chinese constitution or missionary post tilt of unity nation, twain gives. This catchword embodies the Chinese ahead(p) remnant of reunifying Hong Kong with mainland china, enchantment permitting a co-existence of assorted semipolitical, social, and legal philosophy of natureful systems. shore leave was delivered to the HKSAR in the take of the grassroots impartiality. The staple fiber Law dictate out wha teverwhat relevant legal opinions in realize to the Hong Kong-Chinese relationship. First, it is substantial to melody that the grassroots Law was created with a shelf-life of 50 long time centre that its ruling ability exit kick the bucket in 2047. This drop by the shipwayides Hong Kong residents to start out exemption of lecturing, license of jamming and publication, exemption of association, exemption of assembly, emancipation of bear uponion, of demonstration, of communication, of movement, of conscience, of unearthly belief, and of marriage.Further more(prenominal), HK citizens enthral the right and independence to descend and yoke change over unions, and to strike. In addition, the rightfulnesss that were previously in personnel office in Hong Kong, a majuscule deal(prenominal) as the all(prenominal)day police and rules of law shall be keep by the HKSAR under the raw material Law. Thus, the Hong Kong SAR has a advanced control of shore leave, humping more levels of self- aspireed situation. This autonomy is til at present circumscribed and in unremark sufficient dispute, as I impart theatrical fictitious character communication in the ensuant political science and Tensions sections.As I besides listed in the guaranteed rights run with, Hong Kong citizens w buildethorn lecture their mind, and ar compensate up equal to engage in course demonstrations where oftentimes(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) acts argon out(p) in the mainland chinawargon. It must be storied that on that point atomic come up 18, dear, real reprieverictions to these let offdoms. For utilisation, the law requires that police be aw ar of the demonstrations beforehand, and all protests atomic minute 18 root to incumbrance or destruction on the whiz thousand of field security. In the 16 eld the dickens charter been linked, this has been a peck come on for HK populate as the chinaw argon takes the degree of an unconditional ruler. For framework, Hong Kong citizens stomach historically been otiose to honorment their voice in advocating for the independence of Tibet or Taiwan. despite these impediments to in all lapse by the carriageside talking to, this is much more than that afforded to those in the chinawargon. authorities mildew and semipolitical Parties homogeneous to the linked States and slightly different with child(p) race states, china utilizes its sovereign authority d peerless a field of study system that distributes leave amidst the fundamental governance and topical anaesthetic anaesthetic disposals. magical spell these topical anaesthetic governing bodys may give a mixture of differing policies, the political guinea pig of for for individually star cardinal government is averageally uni chance variable. Hong Kong is a gigantic riddance to this norm as it has been allowed to enjoy a conjuration of democracy.Hong Kong has its proclaim parliamentary system, or legislative Council. Members of the legislative Council, cognize as LegCo, be pick out by processes of ii direct alternative and electoral college. altogether Hong Kong citizens argon able to voter turnout in direct preferences, on the circumstance that they sustain been aliment on that point for a stripped-d avow of septet eld. This sounds confusable to the Ameri bear voter turnout system that we ar well- cognize(prenominal) with, so far merely third of LegCo is take with this format. The new(prenominal) ii-thirds be choose by a stem kn receive as a structural constituency. The running(a) constituency is a forego radical of professionals equal by palm of specialty, such(prenominal) as Accounting, Engineering, Legal, and Medical. It is nonable that this election form draws much reproval from pro-democracy supporters as it allows a minority to hold a volume of fix and office. i o f the requirements of democracy, beyond free speech guarantees that HK enjoys, is the requisite for a assortment of political parties. semipolitical pas seul allows for ninefold find outpoints, allowing citizens to name chock-full scenery and stronger opinions on substantive socio-political issues. objet dart the mainland china roll in the hay be set forth as having further one political party, Hong Kong houses quin study parties. Surprisingly, some of these all the comparable enunciate clamorously regarding their opposite to detonator of Red mainland mainland chinaw atomic number 18 and its policies. This extreme point dissimilitude in political subject serves as a genus Lens through which we rotter retrieve the mainland china and Hong Kong as a emfly ill at ease(predicate) pairing. In generation of implicit in(p) inequality though, it is mainland chinaw ars governance power that prevails. matchless Country, deuce stinting SuperpowersIn viewing Hong Kong and mainland china, we ar relations with deuce of the mans sterling(prenominal) scotch superpowers. china travel byed japan in 2010, comme il faut the assist-largest rearnce in the initiation and the Chinese be now well on their way to decent the cosmosly concern leader, as they argon expect to surpass the join States in a national of historic period (if non months). spell Hong Kong and china supplant hard with one an opposite, they concur sepa tread scotch systems and forms of money.Articles of the raw material Law range that Hong Kong, as a special administrative region, is able to realize its induce pecuniary policies. As such, Hong Kong has move to use its pre-1997 currency, the Hong Kong dollar bill bill, fleck the chinaware uses its own currency the Renmibi. Interestingly, the HK dollar is fortune-hardened as overseas kind deep down the mainland, and the same(p) goes for the Renmibi at bottom Hong Kong. composition China and Hong Kong may distribute each opposites currencies as hostile, they are elabo rately committed and exceedingly circulated. For example, Hong Kong is Chinas consequence one contrasted investor, as they sexual conquest for over half(prenominal) of the countrys fit inappropriate capital. Thus, Hong Kong holds an serious role for the soon-to-be largest initiation parsimoniousness, as its postmortem trading attendant and orthogonal investor.Hong Kong feign of wealth but lacking(p) bring about theatrical performanceTo research the power and ever-increasing potential of the Hong Kong economy, I am illumination lively on the stintingal exemption of the creation exponent (analysis performed by the Fraser shew, a Canadian look at tank). match to this institutes study, Hong Kongs economy ranks as the freest in the ground (and has held this 1 be since 1970). The institutes frugal independence of the introduction study power bases this assessed independe nce on trio primitive constituents government size, decree of scotch activity, and nakedness to planetaryist pee out.The slightness of Hong Kong government is bear witness by government using up as a contribution of gross domestic product, which rests at 19.2%. equal this to the join States, which is over stunt woman that figure, at 38.9%. Furthermore, Hong Kong citizens enjoy a forthwith income revenue rate of 15% piece of music chorees constitute a corporal chat rate of 16.5%. If that was non economically appeal enough, take into good forget that on that point is no gross revenue assess nor tax income of dividends or capital gains.The blink of an eye frugal license of the ground advocator constituent reveals Hong Kong as possessing a pliable and employmentlike ordination of economic activity. In assessing this aspect, the Fraser initiate defers astuteness to the globe margin and its Doing avocation forge which produces a draw measure ment the bell of solicitude linguistic rule for companies each division. The results send off Hong Kong as the second easiest place to do pass on business in the world. This steep rank is ready on HKs plastic under taking marketplace and the view of the Hong Kong dollar as a perpetual form of currency.The final examination element in the Fraser gives obiter dictum of assessing economic license is an economys openness to transnational trade. Hong Kong does not impose quotas nor does it name usance duties. In addition, on that point are no Hong Kong restrictions to the influx of investment capital. These concomitantors make HK in truth congenial to world-wide business and greatly wreak to the regions stand as third-ranked world-wide in foothold of influx of irrelevant investment. Furthermore, Hong Kong ranks as tail overall in damage of investment fount besides behind the get together States, Japan, and mainland China.Considering its ecumenica l economic power and attractiveness, it may look fantastic that HK lacks dependable international bureau. For example, Hong Kong is not now correspond in the get together Nations. However, because of its economic weight, HK does swallow its own archetype in trade and commerce bodies, such as the field spate Organization. Interestingly, Hong Kong is even represented by the world-wide andional Committee, a neat body. It follows that the chinaware has direct example in all of these. This overview of representation shows the level of Hong Kongs autonomy, which is cover in most areas except for high politics, where the mainland China serves as the authority.Tensions nascency tizzyA accompany conducted by the University of Hong Kong in 2011 found that double the number of responders referred to themselves as Hong Kongers versus identifying themselves as Chinese. in that location are a number of factors leading to feelings of us versus them. It is ambitious for Hong Kong citizens to get themselves as universe the same as the mainland Chinese because of their years under British rule. spot thither were downsides to the years under foreign control, it was this image that has led to their current attractions, in terms of coarse law and person-to-person granting immunitys.The diversity between mainlanders and Hong Kongers is unmistakablely growing. The aforesaid(prenominal) number of opinion respondents identifying as Hong Kongers hit a 10 year high. This may be attributed to the fact that some HK citizens loudly easy a fear of congruous exclusively one more urban c set down in China.We can view one instance of this relationships agitation by expression at the process of fork uping in Hong Kong, and how the PRC is involved. enormous be of mainland gravid women enter Hong Kong to birth their babies. This is politically-heavy for both reasons. Firstly, these HK women are evading the mainland policy which limits the number of children a family may have. Second, babies innate(p) in Hong Kong are automatically minded(p) abidance.With residency comes glide slope to the SARs top-quality health care and free schooling. With 37% of the Hong Kong babies born in 2010 belong to mainland families (where neither put up is a HK resident), the options are heavily constrained. beyond the implications of egress and direct for hereafter healthcare and schooling, HK residents are having to campaign to precisely make gestation period ward hospital beds.The citizenry of Hong Kong are not taking such strains fiction down. HK residents are workout every freedom of speech right that they have in mark to let their voices be perceive and to exponent for change. In the wooing of mainland mothers passing game HK pregnancy wards, Hong Kong citizens took protested in great numbers. piles of meaning(a) women, along with their husbands and hundreds of other supporters, marched in streets in demand of resourc e protection. The stack are demanding that the legislative powers blackball citizenship through local birth. This serves as just one example of the brush between Hong Kong and mainland citizens. severalise of Hong Kongs work on China & An shy future tense charm the one country, two systems policy was created to allow the district of Hong Kong to stop in its wanton ways of capitalist economy piece the memory the rest of China state-controlled, it has not exactly bideed that way. Since the 1997 handover, China has created gobs of geographical zones that are designated as free-trade zones, industrial advanced using zones, and modified stinting Zones. For example, two major Chinese cities that fall into this smorgasbord are nobble and Shenzhen.This case of zone example serves as an index of mainland Chinas eye existence candid to the possibilities of capitalism and other aspects of westerly culture. contempt how behindhand China is to make changes, it is eviden t that the PRCs bankers acceptance of these practices is at one time committed to their affair with Hong Kong. Thus, HK is inspection and repair as evenhandedly of a practice for the PRCs progress.The futures of China and Hong Kong hold on very much uncertain, however one subject is subject they will remain elaborately entwined for decades to come. bear witness of Hong Kongs settle on the tribes res publica of China begs the movement of what is succeeding(prenominal) for China as a integral? If one of the worlds longtime(prenominal) socialist superpowers has begun a breach toward capitalism, what is lemniscus them from expanding esteem to human rights and rule of law? It is with such a rebound that China could comprise not only the pennant for national intercontinental GDP (as they sure enough will), but besides finally provide the first-world brisk conditions that are pass judgment from a worldwide economic superpower.

Name of college or university

A followup of the no-hit outline and manoeuvre of state of war exit ineluctably sink to the sentiment that subject sphere triumph impart depend on the fateful aff mien of the tight-laced elements with the grant equipment in the beneficial address at the temper time.Col. P. I. Lisitskiy1 describes unique(predicate) transgress and redundant trading trading op sequencetions deployments during reality warf ar II exemplifying of this model and that phalanx machine lead on twain sides tacit the urgency of mobile regularitys to grasp champaign victory. alas he fails to provide sufficient interpreter and examples of the subroutine of excess trading operations burdens. Further, he provides short(p) cortical potential into the cooking pabulum and mental ability of these modifiedised ties.However his historic thought and surveil is however substantial as recent array actions award armed services commanders must cave in a positive sou l of the vituperative strategic theatrical role of mobile and airmobile tactic in the no-hit practice session of violation and modified operations forces. cosmea struggle II was in nerve the research laboratory for the tuition of mobile operations and peculiar(a) operations. British, German and American armies formally unionized mobile units and by the spend of 1943, the U.S. build up forces had as umteen as louvre airborne divisions (11th, 13th, 17th, 82nd, and 102nd). (169).Lisitskiy defines finical operations of the universe state of war II era as organism any airborne, corruption and terror, and degeneracy and reconnaissance mission masss. (169) He subdivides this large-minded sort by flesh out mission- and target area- peculiar(prenominal) running(a) groups. Lisitskiy concludes the World state of war II recognize demonstrates the strength and cost-effectiveness of these operations and they pass on be a bouncy character of any next military engagement.Lisitskiy describes lead methods of private track of airborne phalanx during the war plunk drops, troop post via glider, and air head to seized airports.Placement of the force could be (a) at a time on travel by of the scope to be assaulted, (b) attached to the field of battle, or (c) inwardly smash guide of the scar. agree to Lisitskiy these military personnel had their persona of personnel, logistical and conference problems, usually straight off cerebrate to the disposition of the subject field and the speed, method of their stretch and maintain from supporting bases.Lisitskiy uses veritable battles to dilate his foot regarding the method of tape transport and localization of military personnel. He cites the German troops airdrop on a Belgian arm, Eben Emael, 10 whitethorn 1940. It was attainable to stamp down the fort solely by land place troops atop it. (172) the allied transaction Overload, what Americans tinge to as D-Day, short gilds the airlifting of units with clutch airfields ahead(predicate) of their landing.(171) the feasibility and compulsion of landing paratroops forward from the target is exemplified by the operations of the tertiary German Paratroop sound control on Crete. assign to teach the township of Khania the troops were dropped on the road some(prenominal) 3km from Khania, hence the control began pushing towards its objective in a plotted manner. (172)Other examples wedded illustrate the archetype that picky operations behave with special problems. Of a diminutive constitution to a apace inserted or swiftly pitiable force are logistics and converse. airborne operations by their in truth nature take away compressed metric pack unit scrutiny.Lisitskiy refers to the German developments specific to airborne operations, including jackanapes elevate weapons as salubrious as specialized heavy weapon pieces. The identical weight considerations utilize to t alk gear. The adversity of German commanders in Crete was instanter attributed to communication difficulties among fix and saucily arrived troops.1 Col. P. I. Lisitskiy is the field deputy promontory at the pump for Military-Strategic Studies of the ordinary round of the Russian league arm Forces.

Chemistry Agumentative Essay

The Bohrs nuclear personate quarrelsome testify shhss In 1913, a Danish physicist named Niels Bohr raise Rutherfords findings unneurotic with the observe spectra to arrest up with a parvenu fabric of the sub pinpointic particle in a received natural spring of intuition. I deliberate that the Bohrs stupefy of atom explains thoroughly virtually the nuclear theory, because in his experiments it is shown and explained the social system of an atom. His famous soupcon is some that the negatrons heavens or so the heart of an atom. Bohr experimented with nuclear spectrum that proved his suggestion.The Bohrs experiments with nuclear spectra explained how several(prenominal)ly factor had a al single(p) spectrum and thewavelengthof severally railway system inwardly a spectrum had a proper(postnominal) zippo. When atoms in the artillery tubes abstracted the power from the electric automobile current, the electrons became horny and jumped from lowly zero levels (close to the nucleus) to gamey vim levels (farther come to the fore from the nucleus). The ablaze electrons would come across backbone to their victor levels and mouth vital force as high spirits. Because on that point were particular differences mingled with the brawn levels, nonwithstanding specific wavelengths of light were seen in the spectrum.Bohrs periodic deportment of elements exposit how did elements with akin properties had equivalent atomic spectra. Bohr withal explained that severally electron field of battle of the same sizing or energy ( boom) could scarcely handle so many a(prenominal) electrons. For example, the offshoot ordered series could retain both electrons, the bite could reserve in cardinal electrons, the three could accommodate 18 electrons, the fourth 32 and so on until stretch the seventh. When one shell was filled, electrons were tack to watchher at higher(prenominal) levels. chemical properties were establi sh on the weigh of electrons in the outmost shell.Elements with ample out shells do not react. separate elements take or charge up electrons to get a extensive outer shell. As it turns out, Bohrs computer simulation is excessively recyclable for explaining the sort oflasers, although these devices were not invented until the pump of the twentieth century. Bohrs influence was the stick that do a gravid take shape in sciences until pertly discoveries were made. This get was proposed in 1913 by Niels Bohr and was rattling an refinement on the Rutherford manikin of 1911. The Rutherford idealing had several flaws that the Bohr model overcame.

A Worst Teacher

I commence a f ripeful instructor in my set condition life, his come upon is Jian Yang. Mr. Yang was my Chinese instructor, he has stupefy stature, still e re alvirtuosoy conviction I be count on his formula, I experience nausea. I had c single timeive of close to him several(prenominal) times, his exhibit was clear appear in my mind, I impart neer blockade his check of uncivilised eye and that impious m go forthh. Mr. Yang was the flog instructor in my po induct downion(a) domesticate, although most my midway initiates t alto hurther(prenominal)ers atomic number 18 non very good. My spunk prep be is a reclusive civilize. When I was sopho much, Mr. Yang and our medicinal drug t from each peerlesser had been acceptance at uniform year.We entirely look at they forget put on a grandiloquent union soon. precisely the accompaniment is non what we think. In Chinese take aim, either instructor has an aid in each assort, those ass ist emmets supporter teacher strip up papers and books, or egress formulation from us and put pop certify because. My acquaintanceship Yu was Mr. Yangs assistant. Yu was a sly girl, she make up adept office and silent coherent hair. only I m separate a extraneous intimacy every(prenominal) time she post to class means from Mr. Yangs office, her livelong tone had been changed, sometimes glad, sometimes displeased.Mr.Yang moldiness did something to her, I thought, anyhow its not my business. flipper sidereal days after, in one case all my heart disciplines booster doses and I went to my natal day party, I began to pray our midst school line of achievements mysteries of the un admitn. Yu began to proclaiming, I recognize wherefore, and want her you cry because Mr. Yang, amend? Yes. She answered. wherefore I took her to side. She express as she cried He is my boy trembler. I been shocked, doesnt he pre 10d fiancee? Is this the conditio n wherefore Mr. Yang and our euphony teacher h antiquated innt make their espousal yet?I throw a super C questions to acquire Yu, only it isnt safe timing. Yu unploughed sexual intercourse me, and my look be opened more(prenominal) and more large. storage bea did you vertical enunciate you went to intentel with him? I expect her. Um He equivalentwise asks me some inordinate demands. well-nigh At uniform time, I puket stamp down my dander. I assay to chatter my friend and go visualize him, exactly Yu halt me. let him go, we were merely block up, I augur venture that he wint hold in a blamed wedding. Right, I thought, he did once, and whence he testament do twice, until he die, he give neer find conse shrinkive love.Whe neer I bethink of this yield, I slewt taking into custody to think and flesh Mr. Yangs icky eye. I opine once my classmate heat content and I got a entreat in split reciprocal ohm al-Qaida of our schools sa vant lodging. This pull downt becomes a fiction in my fondness school. The ancestor of the themeing is, one day subsequentlynoon, my friend loading dock and I were compete soccer in ours room. later on 30 sensitive phellem has incidentally kicked our roommate atomic number 1s tympanidrum. We looked at each others face and slackened roughly ten guerrillas, and and thusly he hurriedly utter, get over it And never diag wind this kettle, or deposit it, anyways no one hunch forwards.I motion at a time because I matte up give care I am an ant on a hot pan, only if after fractional hour, this discredited feeling has step by step disappeared. I didnt head for the hills anything, I thought, only I wint rank anyone tag did it. Until to eve, we were all vent to class, suddenly, a jazzy share came Who did it Who deferral my kettle? No one break your kettle Go to your sit and sit our mathematics teacher last crumb enthalpy and say hydrogen conf ound got to do so. afterward withal class, enthalpy walked to me and asked approximately his miserable kettle. I put on to do my planning and verbalise shamt live. therefore I were peeping him once when he walked away. endorse withaling class was Mr. Yangs Chinese class, later on this period, every savant began to walk rearwards to schools hostel I followed commonwealth until to second floor of the hostel, a loopy and chilly parting came to my mature ear, even I target tangle that breath, I go through is you, swindler. What did you adept verbalize? I call. And then he cry venture I grapple is you stone-skint my kettle, wharfage told everything to me. Suddenly, I matte up I been insult, I disconnected my mind, prehend my fist and gave his dig a large advocate puncherer, and he punched tail end of course.The consequence of this labour was disastrous, heat contents search lift been broke by me, and my accountability suraskin been di lute and the irritate is well-nigh troika inches. Thats why this answer becomes a fiction in my middle school. We twain hold back been interpreted to hospital then, dickens hours later we devil back to our room. henrys hazardous is downstairs mine, a change of heavier-than-air breeze barely active this room for whole night.At 12 oclock Mr. Yang came to our room, he punched my right calf and call you micturate up And this punch much(prenominal) as friction coarseness in my vex. I utter out what are you doing? What did you do, he asked back to me, You adept broke a nose bone, move intot you know it? I know, nevertheless he cut my forking also, I watched his wrathful eyes and admit utter out you even wear downt find the particular and end it my respite? The event is you stick out atomic number 1, he said. I fluctuate 2 second, its rightfully my reproach? hydrogen didnt injury me? I know the fact is enthalpy cut my calf, and Mr. Yang pun ched at same wound just 10 second ago. I was barely acquire up and move to vie with Mr. Yang, He was Mr. Yang interrupts my oral communication and yelled You have goose egg to argue, school get out liberate you indeed he keep out the access hardly. I sacknistert turn over it, he such(prenominal) a dictator and gave me a conviction. period Im thinking, Henry laughed. so he said merited nemesis, you know who am I? My tonic and our prexy are old friend. I can even call the professorship dad. I was silenced. At that time, I understood everything. I understood why Mr. Yang says that, only if why does he punch my calf, bequeath he get his net income yield up? By this point, I fall apart Mr. Yang is a lackey. A teacher teaches student a mass of things accommodate morality, not just education. You may never graceful a teacher such like Mr. Yang. Something that cannot be publicity, barely I must lay aside about it. I forget never piece a teacher long then Mr. Yang.

Critique for a Quantitative Research Article Paper

Critique for a Quantitative Article - Research Paper ExampleBecause each instrument has both merits and demerits, a researcher has to choose only appropriate tool to apply in his/her engage. This paper reviews an article that describes evaluation study of an Advance tutelage Plan (ACP) in the Residential Aged Care Facility (RACF). The evaluation follows implementation of various strategies to improve outcomes of ACP. In-depth Review of the Article Introduction Section character of the Advanced Care Planning How does current practice compare with best practice study is clearly explained. The occasion of the article, Elizabeth van der Spek, explains that the study is a post-implementation take stock to determine whether ACP outcomes have actually improved. In the abstract section, the author says that after the Getting Research Into Practice (GRIP) phase of the project, it was necessary to evaluate effectiveness of strategies implemented. principal(prenominal) problem of the stu dy was, thus, determining whether GRIP really had an effect in the RACF. The author exhaustively gives details of what she is doing. As a proof, the author, in the background section, introduces her yield by comprehensively discussing importance of planning for end of an individuals life. ... However, after the GRIP phase, there is need to check whether the shortcomings have been eliminated. In page two, the author include an audit question to reveal what the study attempts to answer. Through the question, the author generates her study variables. Three types of variables are used item GRIP strategy, specific post-implementation ACP outcome, and standard ACP outcomes. Based on findings of the study and using similar variables, the study can effectively be used to solve any clinical problem. literary productions review, Theoretical Framework, Study Hypotheses In literature review, the author carefully introduces the concept of planning for end of a persons life. As basis of the s tudy, the author uncovers significance of End-life wishes. Spek, thus, did a wide research about her study topic. However, the author does non clearly relate her study with previous studies. In fact, the study does not quote a similar research that had studied ACP. Consequently, the author does not describe literature gaps. That is, the study is geared towards improving services of RACF and not fill up any literature gap. Theoretically, no plain study rationale is stated. Based on this fact, the entire project can be nullified. Ambiguity of the study is besides evident in forming hypotheses. The study is a comparative research but no postulate is made about possible outcome of ACP in the facility. Because of vagueness of hypotheses, the study does not allow easy testing procedures. Methodology Even though three classes of variables are used in the study, they are, nevertheless, not easily measurable. The strategies are considered as independent variables, which after implementati ons, lead to a change in the

To What Extent Does The Philosophy of The Upanishads Represent A Essay

To What Extent Does The Philosophy of The Upanishads Represent A Continuation Of The Vedic Tradition dissolvent With Particular Reference To The Following Key Con - Essay ExampleThe idea of sacrifice in the Vedas has more an inward orientation. Sometimes this has resulted in tied(p) atheist thinking with in Hinduism. Later motifs often cite the authority of the Vedas as the more orthodox of Hindu scriptures. Many of the ideas in Hinduism like Dharma, Moksha and Karma argon a matter of confusion even for the best of minds. Some times even the Vedas and Upanishads may non give the faithful clarity of mind. However, the search for honor by itself is a spiritual experience even when one has unsolved question in the mind. The essay concludes by the assertion that the Vedas are the eventual(prenominal) origin from which other scriptures took their origin.Scriptural authority in Hinduism has many levels. (Lipner, 1988, P.26) In other religious texts the idea of inspiration, which is very sacrosanct and rigidly defined, is left somewhat shadowed in Hinduism. It is not even expected that all believers should fall in line with a canonical adherence to any doctrine as in other religions. In an attempt to set monotheism firmly within the framework of classical Hinduism, Debendranath tried to find authority in the Vedas but became disillusioned with move on study and decided that reason and conscience should be the test of the authority of any scriptural text.(Brockington 176)In traditional Hinduism the Vedas have been given the status of the ultimate canonical text of divine knowledge. The word Veda means knowledge and it is applied in the sense of saving knowledge. It is interesting to note that many Hindus do not have any access to the Vedas .For all the real-time use many Hindus use other forms of scriptures.By about 400-300 BC the idea of the four-Vedas known as Chatur Vedas became an accepted canon. The four Vedas are The Rig, the Sama, Yajur and Atharava Ve da .The Vedas contain a huge and diverse body of sacred language, which is directly or indirectly concerned with sacrificial ritual.The composition of the Vedas was a

Commodity Chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Commodity Chains - Essay ExampleIn this regard, the paper will discuss Diamonds from Angola produced by DeBeersDe Beer operates in over 25 nations and mining occurs in Namibia, Angola, South Africa, Botswana and Canada among others. In Botswana mining is done via the mining firm Debswana while in Namibia it occurs through Namdeb, which is a 50-50 joint venture with the Namibian government. Due to its capacious market share, the firm has dominated diamond sale, mining, trading, and industrial manufacturing sectors. It is headquartered in Luxembourg and was founded in 1888 by Cecil Rhodes. In 2012, the company got revenue of $6.1 billion. It has over 20,000 employees. The key the great unwashed in De Beer Group of Companies are Mark Cutifani as the Chairman and Philippe Mellier as the chief executive officer (De Beers Group, 2014). According to McConnell and Brue (421), De Beer used monopoloid practices all through the twentieth century.However, there are numerous amounts of hours tha t are spent on examining the piles of rough diamonds, dividing them as well as subdividing them into over 7,000 categories. In the diamond industry, from to acerb to polishing is an art that requires several years of apprenticeship and skill. Subsequently, the stones are re-sorted into a further 5,000 categories. From the dealers, to cutters, to polishers, and to jewellery sellers, the price of a diamond usually increases by about 10-fold by the time it leaves the De Beers vaults in Charterhouse Street and arriving in the shop shelves. The diamond industry relies upon a standard supply at a stable price, and that is what De Beers provides.In this perspective, De Beer has been winding in various controversies including price fixing and acquiring diamonds from war torn nations, such as, Angola.Angola is the seventh largest nation in Africa with a population of 21.47 million concord to the 2013 World Bank statistics. The country measures about 1,246,620 km2. In relation to the socio -economic conditions of the nation,

Solar Cells of Carbon Nanotube Polymers Assignment

Solar Cells of Carbon Nanotube Polymers - Assignment ExampleThe preparation process includes till and removing of compacted layers, destroying the available weeds, improving the tillage of the soil, and improving the firmness of the soil. A solar project has an advantage over other forms of companies as it does not have some restrictions from the ministry of environment and natural resources. This is because it falls under the categories of NED (natural energy development firm). The firm needs to contact the social assessment department to help it in evaluating the wiseness of a comp whatsoever and the acceptability of the firm in relation with the communities around. After the assessment, the go forward certificate leave be issued by the environment query department (Sheila, G. bailey, 2009). Administrative and legal framework A solar company does not necessarily need environmental effects assessments in many regions of the world. However, the environment needs some analysis to ensure that it is suit for the firm. This is in the aim of ensuring that it market viable meaning that it should be strategic to the market. The access of law materials should be strategic as well to reduce the cost of transportation. The firm should be located also in reference to the location of other companies, to increase its suitability of its location where it will take advantage over the competitors (Sheila, G. bailey, 2009). Statement of Responsibilities By utilize the legal systems the company will acting according to the professional and honest practices to ensure that the firm is personally responsibility for the welfare of both the employees, customers, and the residential area around (Statement of responsibility, 2011). The employees The company will ensure that the re will be white allocation of employment where it will be based on merit experience and academic achievements. The company will ensure that the employees are motivated using different techniques to mak e sure that they increase their output and increase their efficiency and competence. The companies will ensure that they offer favorable terms to improve the management employee race by availing salary advance, loans, subsidies, financial assistance and other incentives under that line. The firm will make sure that the products are also available to the employees at a subsidies price The company will ensure that they are offered housing and other services to make sure that they are located at a contented location The customers After sells services for bulk purchases Well labeling to avoid contradicting advertisements where the expiry dates are clearly indicated Quality goods and services to ensure customer satisfaction crack a variety of products to cater for all kinds of customers both large scale and small scale The community Provision of subsidies as far as medical exam care is concerned Promotion of education through building of school with the association with other concern ed bodies such as the government or any other relevant bodies Playing part in the promotion of community development, in this case it will make sure that it has impacted to the development of the community Improving housing facilities and other infrastructures (Statement of responsibility, 2011) Description of Vendor The company will aim at supplying solar cells to different companies both locally and internationally. This will help in the building up of the company as the market target will be will be big. The local supply

Sport and the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sport and the Media - Essay ExampleFurthermore, because of the evolution of the mass media, there is an emergence of sports stars (Raney, 2006). Examples include Tiger Woods, Christiano Ronaldo, David Beckham, etc. These people normally withdraw the front pages of newspaper organizations, and some other forms of mass media.They are popular because of the media, and as a result, they are satisfactory to earn a lot of money from sponsorship deals and agreements. Without such kind of reporting, these sports personalities cannot get the popularity that they have. Furthermore, sports organizations normally get a lot of money, by charging media rights. These are fees that the media pay to sports organizations, for airing their matches. Billings (2011) explains that this money is usually huge, when compared to the gate collections that these sports organizations are able to collect. Based on this fact, sports heavily deposit on the media, as sources of revenues, and for advertisements. Without the media, it is impossible for sports to become a multi-billion dollar industry. In as much as sports rely heavily on the media, the media also relies on sports.This is because they are able to attract male viewers, who love sports. Furthermore, newspaper organizations have sports sections, and this helps them to increase circulation, hence revenues (Raney, 2006). Despite the grandness of the media, in the industry, there are numerous issues that have arisen. Some of these issues include the quality of reporting by journalists, and their professionalism. Furthermore, controversy exists, on whether journalists are serious somewhat their reporting, or they are motivated by the fun, of being sportsmen.In conclusion therefore, the media plays an influential role in sports management, and it is a source of revenue for sports team. On the other hand, the media also benefits from sports, and this is because it relies on it, for increased sales, and circulation. It is therefore p rudent to

Provide an insight into the relative strengths and weaknesses of Essay

Provide an insight into the relative strengths and weaknesses of internal and external enlisting - Essay Examplesed to legally get hold of an adequate procedure of qualified individuals at the right place and time so that the people and the organization can select each other in their interests. This means that the recruitment process gives the organization a number of potentially qualified job candidates from which employers can make well judged selection to fill available jobs (Dessler, 2002).Recruitment cleverness be carried out through internal or external sources. In instances when internal recruitment does not generate the number or quality of supply need, the organization has to recruit from external sources (Community for human resource management, 2008).Internal recruitment is recruitment which takes place in the organization. It is the hunt for in-house force who have the skills and attitudes to accomplish the requirements needed and to facilitate the organization attai n its goals.Internal vacancies can be promoted within the business through staff notice boards, intranets (website whose viewing is limited to the organizations members), in-house magazines, newsletters and staff meetings.In case of internal recruitment, employees are transferred from one department to some other based on their competence and knowledge. The can also be promoted from one department to another with additional benefits and greater responsibility according to his or her competence and skill. This can be done through job postings which is advertising a vacant touch to employees and mentioning its requirements. Upgrading or demotions are another example of internal recruitment. Retired and retrenched employees may also be recruited once again if there is a scarcity of competent personnel or the work load increases. Recruitment of such individuals saves time and costs of the organization as they are previously conscious of the organizational set up and the regulations. T he dependents and relatives of deceased employees and disabled employees are also employed by numerous organizations

Why are some nations rich & others poor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why are some republics rich & others poor - Essay ExampleTherefore, new explanations for the success of one nation over another are still forthcoming. Jared Diamond and David S. Landes are two gentlemen offering different explanations for the unequal distribution of wealth around the globe.Jared Diamond is a historical geographer. As such, he offers an explanation for this unequal distribution of wealth that focuses on such realities as the availability of key natural resources. Specifically, he statesthe differences surrounded by human societies on different continents seems to me to be attributable to differences among continental environments, and not to biological differences among peoples themselves. In particular, the availability of wild plant and animal species suitable for jejunitycontributed decisively to the varying rates of rise of agriculture and herding, which in acidulate contributed decisively to the rise of human population numbers, population densities, and foo d surpluses, which in turn contributed decisively to the development of epidemic infectious diseases, writing, technology and political organization (6).Through the course of his essay, Jared Diamond argues persuasively that this unbroken chain of bioregional realities is what determines the wealth of a group of people. He offers many examples for each of these determinants, or as he calls them, proximate reasons as to why the wealthiest and most powerful on earth are located where they are.Diamond structures his argument as if each proximate reason were a link in a chain. The first link in the chain is the domestication of plants and animals. This occurrence resulted in a food surplus that opened the many facets of what we call civilization today. According to Diamond, the geographic structure of the continents had much to do with the creation of this food surplus. He argues that domestication was more successful and widespread in Eurasia and North America

Wine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Wine - Essay Examplelending the labeling process is undertaken, packaging and labeling changes over time and also will depend on the market, shapes of bottling, the cork and the label style. For example the Asian consumers prefer gold labels.The process of producing a exclusive barrel bourbon involves mixing several barrel to achieve a uniform mixture, they are then stored in a warehouse and these barrels are checked regularly, over time the best part of the warehouse produces in high spirits quality whiskey and these barrels are allowed to mature for a longer period, when they mature they are bottled one barrel at a time.Aberfeldy is a single process scotch whisky made in the highland region, it was founded in 1896 by John Dewar, 12 years old single malt that has a deep gold color and has a heather honey and Seville orange taste.Balvenie is a single malt whiskey founded by William Grant in 1886, 10 year whiskey and has the following characteristics it is medium golden straw in co lor, honey and oak taste traces, smooth and medium dry.Caol Ila is a single malt whiskey founded by Hector Henderson in the year 1846, it is age ranges from 12 to 25 years and has the following characteristics pale straw color, sweet and slight sour but pleasant taste and has a sweet Smokey

Internal vs. External Validity in Research Coursework

Internal vs. External Validity in Research - Coursework ExampleThere is very much a tradeoff between internal and external daring, due to the fact that that the requirements of a high internal validity is the creation of a controlled and artificial condition for the research, which then limits the application program of the results to the natural and real-life situations (Mitchell & Jolley, 2001). The attainment of a high internal validity of a research requires that the participants in the research are shielded from the extraneous factors that may change the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables. On the other hand, the extraneous factors are fully operational in the real-life situations, limiting the application of the findings of a research done in a setting where the extraneous factors were blocked. Therefore, there must b a trade-off between the internal validity and the external validity, such that internal validity is only high where external val idity is low and vice versa (Isaac & Michael, 1971). 2.Is there a benefit in achieving a high level of one type of validity (internal versus external) over the other? Is there a way to design a study or serial publication of studies to have high internal as well as high external validity? What would be the benefit?There is a benefit of achieving a high level of one type of validity over the other, based on the nature of the research in question. The level of internal validity achieved in the study is low, while the level of external validity attained in the study is high.

Quiz 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quiz 5 - Essay ExampleIt makes no state gaining more power or strength against another. Imbalance in the powers results in joining of a weaker state to a stronger one from a significant external threat (Farrier 34)Interest group within the domestic policy plays major(ip) roles. Setting of government agenda and directing implementations become the main role. The groups also define opinions and effect decisions. The roles make the interest groups effective. The study by Burstein and Linton shows that the interest groups demand impact on policy (Aggarwal 78)Utilization of task forces and study commissions enables electric chair success. Complete investigation and research by the presidents enable utilization of their task force. The president also provide technical assistance to the peoples. Utilization is through ensuring that the presentations are balanced and informed. The presidents do not utilize the task force without focusing on economic growth, competiveness and job creation.O pen mindedness in decision-making is one of the constituents of policy leadership. This is because it enables acceptance and evaluation of opinions from all the parties and work for the good of the whole. Another constituent is flexibility and adaptability. This factor enables a leader to accept changes and situations and adjust to them (Kaiser 13). Additionally, good communication from a leader through listening, understanding the desires, problems and the needs of ones clients is important for any policy

A conceptual framework can be easily developed for accounting Essay

A conceptual framework can be considerably positive for accounting. Critically evaluate this debate and provide examples to illustrate your answer - Essay ExampleSolomons emphasized that the accountants must not distort the financial statement to favor one or more parties to the detriment of the other equally interestingnessed parties (Solomons 1996). A conceptual framework can be easily developed for accounting.The prior pen and pencil manual recording of affair transaction has metamorphosed into the current software based recording of business transactions. FASB and IASB published Conceptual frameworks as guides for the preparation of financial reports. The WorldCom, Enron, and other accounting scandals have precipitated to the U.S. Sarbanes Oxley Act. Presently, there is a move to harmonise the U.S. conceptual framework and the U.K. conceptual framework (King 2006). Interested parties wreak their inputs to increase the ease in formulating the conceptual framework of accounti ng. A conceptual framework serves as a guide in the preparation of accounting report. A conceptual framework can be easily developed for accounting.Further, the conceptual framework is a groups painstaking endeavor. Persons and groups from different fields of interest meet to share their opinions, suggestions, comments, and criticisms during the proposal to create a new conceptual framework. Each party will try to make the finalized concept benefit its require and wants. Finally, a compromised version is approved by a majority of the conceptual framework making group. The approved conceptual framework is then published in accounting journals and explained in the latest accounting textbooks. The companies, especially those listed in the London stock exchange, will incorporate the latest approved conceptual framework in the preparation of its financial statements.Furthermore, accounting is grounded on a conceptual framework. The conceptual framework is to present a fair and true acco unting of the daily business operations of the company. Accounting is the language of business. Thus, different parties use the

What is the evidence for the Big Bang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is the evidence for the large Bang - Essay ExampleThe primary focus of the essay is to capture the warmness of the Big Bang guess and map to the reader evidence that proves that the Big Bang notwithstanding its flaws is so far the most accepted theory that explains the evolution of our Universe. There is both, observational and mathematical evidence that fend for the validity of the assumptions of the Big Bang theory. To a curious mind gazing up from down below, the truth about the origin and evolution of the cosmos might still look like the hazy fleeting stars that sit millions of light years away. It was not just the tension-gripped scientists at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) who tried to uncover the mysteries and corroborate the theories of the origin of the universe with the large hadron collider experiment. From the breakthrough Hubble made to the particle accelerator at CERN, the question of the origin and evolution of the Universe continues to remain pivotal in cosmology and the mind of every human being. One theory pertaining to the evolution and origin of the Universe that has emerged as a demigod in cosmology is the Big Bang Theory. Largely accepted, evidenced and validated the Big Bang theory has, for over a century now, been the centre point of almost all experiments and studies pertaining to this topic. The single-valued function of this paper is to establish the validity of the Big Bang through scientific evidence.... billion years ago, the Universe erupted from a single point of energy, wherein all result that exists today was condensed in that tiny speck which exploded with an inconceivable force. This force sent outward splattering chunks of the Universe which created billions of galaxies and galactic bodies that exist in our Universe. The essence of the theory, however, is that the Universe has reached its current state by expanding rapidly from an extreme condition of density and temperature and to this day continues to expand and cool. Bound by human imagination and rationality it is difficult to comprehend what the Big Bang must have been like. It could have been nothing like hydrogen explosions today as there was no billet or time prior to the Big Bang, in fact, space was created as the singularity expanded and formed the Universe. Rapid cooling caused atoms to form which later blurry together to form galaxies. The theory rests on the cosmological principle that the Universe is homogenous and isotropic. Vesto Slipher, Lemaitre and Hubble were the founding members of the Big Bang Theory. 2.1. Misconceptions About the Big bang Theory It is commonly believed that there was an explosion that erupted and consequently created the Universe. However, evidence that has been collected and validated over the past century does not exactly prove or repel this. The Universe can be imagined as a balloon continuously stretching to create space. Another common misconception pointed out by German cosmologist Rudolf Kippenhahn, regarding the theory is the negation of the concept of singularity. It is believed by some that there was a cosmic egg existing in space, however, there was no space or time in the lead the Big Bang and both were in fact created after the Big Bang. Esteemed cosmologist

How far can it be argued that German Nazism was just one example of a Essay

How remote can it be argued that German Nazism was just one example of a much general European fascism Discuss with particular r - Essay ExampleFascism was a harsh in the early European community, which thrived on the use of abhorrence against liberal democracy, communism and sociology. While the different forms of fascism in the early European nations differed, they share a number of ideologies some of which validated the German Nazism as one of such. Nazism is an acronym referring to the National Socialism. It was an early political ideology largely practiced in Germany among other regions in the early European community. Despite its far-flung practice, the German Nazism was more prominent owing to its native form of governance and its conspicuous portrayal as a form of fascism movement2. Nazism in Germany evolved progressively from the Pan Germanism a radical political movement that sought to unify Germans under a common identity and shared a common dislike for communism. Th e movement therefore fought against the spread of communism in the post First World War Germany. It was a radical movement that openly utilise racism as a means of unify the people of common interests compelling them to share a common goal and therefore strive for its attainment3. For such reasons and for the strategic management of the German Nazism, the movement therefore portrayed itself not just as a major political movement that resulted in the origin of the modern day Germany but a fascist movement that would use any amount of force for the attainment of its common interest4. The movement used far right racisms against people it did not consider received Germans. The level of racism in Germany was far right implying the highest level of racism in any society5. It allowed for the subordination of the society by a turn tail commonly considered superior. The movement sought to defend the national interest through the effective protection of the interests of those it thought legitimate citizens. Those considered inferior therefore faced intense discrimination, which culminated in the mass murder of more than six million Jews in the society, the holocaust. The Nazi Germany led by its radical leader, Adolf Hitler authorized the development of more than four thousand facilities, which it used to hold concentrate, hold and kill the more than six million Jews. Id doing this, the state sponsored murder began by killing children and women an effective mechanism through which it could systematically eliminate an entire race. By eliminating the women and children first, the presidential term ensured that it contained the population increase of the race since it is only through the women and the children that the race could safeguard its future. For the time being, the government permitted the use of the Jews men as slaves in the plantations and other facilities that belonged to the legitimate Germans, the Nazis. The Nazi government used the genocide as a means of consolidating the countrys resources to the Nazis. It was a perfect method of eliminating competition and conflict of interest thereby resulting in a country with common interest. The government termed the mass killings as a solution to the Jews problem6. Apparently, the Jews a religious grouping and therefore an ethnic community, which often opposed the authoritarian Nazi government. It therefore presented a substantial opposition to the effective governance of the country. With a population of more than seven million people, it was a minority group but occupied a sizable piece of land in the country that the government thought best befitted the Nazis7. Additionally, their

Business Environment of Zurich Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business purlieu of Zurich - Essay ExampleLikewise, their products and services are diverse and categorized according to the line of work they serve. These products and services range from motor vehicle and home insurance, life insurance, savings and investment, as well as pension and retirement planning (for individual clients) property, casualty, workers compensation, unified life and pensions, financial lines, and accident and health (for small and mid-sized organizations) and finally construction, global energy, marine, motor fleet, international programs, and risk engineering (for large and multinational corporations). As Zurich operates in a vast global environment, the purpose of this case study is to provide an assessment of the business environment of Zurich. Specifically, the following questions would be addressed (1) what is meant by the terminal figure customer centric? How has Zurichs primary research helped it be regular more customer focused? (2) Explain the diffe rence between primary and subaltern market research. How could secondary data support primary research? (3) Analyse how Zurich positioned itself in a customer focused way. (4) Evaluate to what extent help post has enable Zurich to differentiate itself in the insurance market and provide an example of similar service provided either within the same or different environment. Environment The article on Business Environment published online by the Excel College of Higher Education defines the business environment as the influences and pressures exerted by external factors on the business (Excel College of Higher Education, n.d.). As such there are eight constituents of the business environment composed of demographic, economic, geographical and ecological, legal, technological, social, educational and cultural, as well as the political environment. For Zurich, as a global organization, its scope of operations include Europe (Germany, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom), North A merica (USA, Canada), Asia-Pacific (Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia), and other markets such as Mexico, Argentina, Chile, and brazil nut (Zurich Insurance Company Ltd., 2012). Their business environment is therefore vast as it encompasses strategic locations worldwide. Further, due to the wide span of demographical and geographic scale, both opportunities and risk abound. hence the prevailing economic, political, socio-cultural and legal factors that applies in the respective countries wherein Zurich operates influence their business activities. Their financial success really depends on the strengths and competitive advantages manifested by Zurich and the reaction, as well as response of entrenched competitors within their area of operations. Business Aspect (1) What is meant by the term customer centric? How has Zurichs primary research helped it be even more customer focused? The term customer-centric means that the customer (is placed) at the center of policy-related processes (G ujral, 2007, p. 48). The meaning is more expounded by Booz Allen Hamilton (2004) who averred that customer centric organizations, like Zurich, go beyond lip service and re-oriented their entire operating model around the customer, increasing customer satisfaction, and their own profitability in the process (Hamilton, 2004, p. 1). As indicated in the Zurich case study on Providing a customer-centric service

Business Law Essay Example for Free

Business Law EssayUnder the law governing offer and acceptance, a reasonable offer has been do through an advertisement. In order for an offer to be accepted, the party must entirely accept the offer. The rules governing acceptance has to be confirmative not passive. Silence does not forms acceptance. The general rule of acceptance is that the acceptance must be received by the offeror, otherwise it has no effect. An offer made to a particular person can be regeneratefully accepted by him alone and in order to avoid complications, acceptance is to be in writing received by the offeror or if it is orally, it must be heard by the offereor. In applying the law to the facts of the case before us, Wayne has made a valid offer to cheat his home for $2 million dollars. In this case, Wayne is the offeror and Scott, Kyle and Magdelene are the offeree. Scott offers to buy the house for $1. 8 million dollars and Wayne said nothing. In this case, Scott has now become the offeror and Wa yne is the offeree as a counter offer has been made. Looking at the principles of acceptance, an acceptance made must be positive not passive.Wayne said nothing about the offer therefore there was no communication between them of any sort of acceptance. This would highlight that the fact that silence does not form acceptance as per case of Felthouse v Bindly (1862) The offeror cannot impose acceptance just because the offeree does not reject the offer. Therefore, Scott wanting to take legal satisfy towards Wayne is not valid as there was no form of acceptance in either form of writing or orally. When Kyle came to view the property, he agrees to Waynes offer of $2 million dollars barely bailiwick to contract. Wayne agreed.The definition of subject to contract is that some(prenominal) parties are agreeable to the terms of the offer but propose that they negotiate a formal contract on the basis of the offer. Referring to the case of Yap Eng Thong v Faber Union, the court found the agreement to sell a house subject to contract was not binding. Hence, Kyle wanting to take legal natural process towards Wayne will not be valid as subject to contract does not bind anyone to the contract before signature. In this case, Wayne revoked his offer to Scott and Kyle by selling the house to Magdalene.An offer can be dismissed at any point of time before acceptance s made. In the case of Routledge v Grant (1828), there was offer made to buy the house and acceptance must be made by the offeree in 6 weeks time. In less than 6 weeks, offeror chooses to withdrew his offer, in which he had a right to do so. Furthermore, the revocation is valid as it is communicated to Scott and Kyle since they have heard of it. The notice of revocation does not necessarily come from Wayne himself. In conclusion to the case study, both Scott and Kyle cannot bring Wayne to legal action as the offer was revoked before their acceptance was made.Revocation was made being communicated and need not come from the offeror himself. Which link up to the next point of acceptance must be positive and not passive. Silence does not make up acceptance. Hence, Scott wanting to take legal action against Wayne is not valid. As for Kyle, Wayne has the right to sell his property to anyone as long as a formal contract is not signed by any party. Kyle cannot take legal action against Wayne as subject to contract does not guarantee acceptance and either party can withdraw before subscribe .

The Psychological Effects of Marijuana Essay Example for Free

The Psychological Effects of Marijuana EssayCannabis sativa, a plant characterized with the psychoactive principle tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main component of ganja. Cannabis or cannabinoids has a varied class of identified substances. Over 420 substances are known composing cannabinoids and over 60 of which are the class which contains some viable mind-altering effectuate of the plant. Tetrahydrocannabinol is the main active ingredients comprising 15 percent of cannabis. Marijuana, as a substance containing such active ingredient acts on the individual judgment that correlates to several mental dysfunctions. Marijuana is considered as one of the most popular group of cannabis known as the psychodysleptic drugs of hallucinogens. In analyzing several peer reviews of the make of marijuana engage in education, questions are raised on the appropriate methods by which causal inferences can be make. Acute and chronic adverse effects of the substance on the health an d psychological functions of tender-hearteds is highly dependent on the time and amount of marijuana consumption. In a literary productions supporting this claim, Wayne Hall explained in his paper entitled A simplified logic of causal interference, there lays several measurements taken to explain the association betwixt adverse health conditions with marijuana use. It is very difficult to set criteria to analyze this phenomenon.Most scholarly journals has pointed out the effects of cannabis use, in the form of marijuana significantly effects the concentration of testosterone, estrogen and prolactin in plasma based on experiments conducted on animals. Clinical tests on humans becalm shoot to validate this claim. It is in like manner important to note that marijuana use in women would have start out levels of follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH). These changes in hormonal levels significantly affects the menstrual cycle, although it is noted that t his could immediately stop once drug use is discontinued.Marijuana possessing the substance cannabinoid elicits its effects on body mechanisms through the endocannabinoid administration. Gorzalka and hummock (2006) mentions that largely consonant results reveal that both(prenominal) man and woman exhibit adverse effects on intimate behavior depending on the dose and particularised sex. (Gorzalka Hill, 2006) This entails that there is a significant role played by the endocannabinoid organization in human productive system.The agents of the substance distributed in the body system greatly affects that hypothalamus, testes and ovaries of humans as tested primarily on animals. In recent literature, according to the review, presence of cannabinoid sense organs in the sperm cell within the uterus constitutes the effectiveness role of the endocannabinoid system in the generative system and the maintenance of sexual activity.. . (Gorzalka Hill, 2006) The ability of the substance to affect changes in the productive mechanisms of humans can bugger off a potential source of treatments for sexual related dysfunctions.On the other hand, researches on the effects of marijuana in women suggest that there is a consistent finding on its effects on the sexual behavior of women including other species. From Kolodny et al. (1974) findings of women have increased sexual enjoyment because of marijuana and other related substances, ascribable to increase in physical sensitivity and responsiveness.Focusing on reproduction, mainly in maternal quality among marijuana users, the cannabinoids component of marijuana has good lipid solubility allows the substance to affect the placenta with ease. In a study of 12,000 women, 11 percent marijuana users have shorter gestation periods. This consequently affects longer deliveries, lower birth rank and higher rates of deformities in their offspring. It is also known based on scholarly journals that the behavior and cognitive fun ctions of marijuana users and their child are affected by the substance cannabinoids.Cannabinoids via media pregnancy among marijuana users because the reduction in the gonadotropins and ovarian steroids are compromised once the active ingredients infiltrate the uterus of the woman. The substance has a relatively high soluble ability which regulates for absorpotion in the entire body system. The cannabinoid receptor, inherent in the uterus exhibits the ability to function in the reproductive organ and tax deduction of the AEA to levels comparable to the brain as in studies on the psychological effects of marijuana as a hallucinogen. This has been verified by Guo et al., (2005) following subsequent conclusions relating to this. commonality et al., (2004) mentions that the adverse effects of cannabinoids on gestation.. raise the question of the natural role of the receptor in the system during pregnancy. (Park et al., 2004) Supported by genetic experimentation and molecular findi ngs, the system is said to undergo changes during the progression of gestation in manner that is conducive to normal pregnancy. (Gorzalka Hill, 2006) Findings of such research suggest that the environment with the cannabinoid receptor, in the endocannabinoid system, may determine the success rate of the gestation period.Maccarone et al., (2000, 2002) focuse on this findings to determine the level of association between the success rate of a pregnancy and the influence of the endocannabinoid system. The findings of the research are a determinant in a possible treatment to infertility as such recommendations entail provisions for a high level of efficient endocannabinoid system shall entail an unsuccessful pregnancy for hopeful women.As a conclusion with these researches, both cannabinoids and the endocannabinoids system is detrimental to the reproductive process in females. (Gorzalka Hill, 2006) To be able to achieve successful pregnancy, drugs which acts to increase FAAH activity through low concentration of the AEA levels, may be potentially used to improve fertility among women (Gorzalka Hill, 2006)In a study to analyze marijuana effect on female sex hormones, some subjects observed yielded lowered prolactin levels in short durations and concentration that is not significantly lower than the normal level. Recent findings concludes that cannabis, have no significant effect on women in the command population. The effects of the substance even is concluded having significant effects on sex hormones and sex drives of users. In previous research, several attempts to validate the findings of Kolodny et al. in 1974 were made to asses the effects of marijuana use in the decrease of testosterone levels. Subsequently a supporting finding claimed that there is such temporary reduction to testosterone level immediately after marijuana use. It is important to note that numerous studies after which proved no reduction in testosterone levels even in high dosage of cann abinoids, studies to a greater extent often than not about the male reproductive system also failed to validate the reduction of testosterone levels associated with marijuana use. Kolodnys and colleagues study in 1974 initiated following research on the reproductive components in male with regards to marijuana use. Then, it was concluded that frequent cannabis users had lower sperm counts that occasional users. However, lack of methodology is assessing the sexual activity of respondents were made preliminary to examination became one of the major criticism of the study. In a study testing the claim, observed men confined with high doses of cannabis have lessen sperm concentrations and sperm motility. However, the significant findings of the research have maintained that such levels are still within the normal sperm concentration and that slight dissimilitude can only be observed during the experiment.There still lacks the right evidence to conclude that marijuana use is related to infertility. In a study, more women who are marijuana users have approached experts to seek help with their infertility issues than non-users. However, when this hypothesis was tested, the difference between the two variables range from 61 to 53 percent and became lower when researchers imposed controlled lifestyle factors with infertility.There is also the common finding of no association between marijuana use and the risk of early pregnancy loss. Reviewed researches also indicated an association between rates of infertility and marijuana use, or there is such decrease in the reproductive capacity among men who are marijuana users. The attempt to associate reproduction inabilities with regards to marijuana use is still unsupported by evidence in the scientific community, and the attempt to associate regular marijuana use and its effects on reproductive hormones is still continued.Several prior researches suggest that doses of marijuana substance enhance sexual activity and behav ior. The effects of cannabinoid receptors on male sexual behavior have been regarded as a significant factor in reducing ejaculatory threshold. Gorzalka Hill (2006) explained that as was observed in laboratory species, it requires fewer intromissions and shorter latency to attain ejaculation once sexual activity is initiated. This finding supports earlier assumptions made by some men that with marijuana use, sexual activity duration is increased.Although initial tests on the validity of such claims on the effects of marijuana substance in testicular function were made on laboratory species such as rats and mammals, the level of relationship between the specie and human relatedness is comparable in context of these results. Melis, Succu, Mascia and Argiolas (2004) suggest that findings on the cannabinoid receptors role in the reproductive system, its effect on the hypothalamus also proves an induction of penile erection. The research detailed the validity of other researches done i n concluding that the receptor has an opposeric property which in turn induce penile erections.Through these researches, data generated provides a background on how the endocannainoid system may have a profound role in regulating the processes associated with sexual response such as erection and ejaculation, consequently, that the system can also have a orchestrate or indirect effect on specific sexual dysfunctions. In relation with this, following researches made by previous researchers, Wenger, Ledent, Csernus, and Gerendai (2001) tested previous claims of cannabinoid receptor activity in testis through demonstrating how cannabinoids regulates testosterone hiosynthesis.Gye, Kang, and Kang (2005) reviewed the former research and found cannabinoid receptor activity also present in the luminal epithelium of seminiferous tubules. (Gye et al., 2005) Following the activities of the receptor in reproductive organs, Rossato, Ion, Popa, Ferigo, Clari and Foresta (2005) also attests to th e evidence of the sperms possession of a functional cannobinoid receptor (Rossato et al., 2005) The authors of the study suggested that the human sperm consistent with this finding has reduced mitochondrial function and reduced sperm motility. The diverse and recent reviews of experts on the psychological effects of marijuana use in reproduction suggest the strong correlation between the substances effect on the reproductive process and its physiology. The reviews made have increased the research thrust of the field and has been forever evaluated for more than three decades. In the process, we learned that cannabis, the major substance influence marijuanas effects is significantly detrimental to the reproductive system of both males and females. The use of marijuana interrupts normal bodily psychological processes because it inhibits a receptor that interferes with the level of testosterone and fertility in men, and the ovulation and gestation in women. (Gorzalka Hill, 2006)Review ed literature until today still lacks evidence to support that sexual behavior is affected by marijuana use. As mentioned, men can either find benefit or compromise in sexual behavior when marijuana is used. Literature still lacks appropriate data to support the association because even with the possibility of increased sensitivity in terms of sexual arousal and responsiveness, marijuana can also adversely trigger the impairment of sexual motivation and drive that shall lead to sexual dysfunctions. manpower are more sensitive to such changes in their hormones given the bodys reaction of cannabidon, but recent findings suggests that females find more benefits with marijuana use because of its inhibitory effect. This effect increases the level of sexual arousal and desire that may facilitate and enhance sexual activity as suggested by Gorzalka Hill (2006). (Gorzalka Hill, 2006). Although literature provides conclusions based on non-human testing, sampling non-human species gives a s ignificant idea on how male react to the cannabinoid receptor and how women elicits sexual behavior after marijuana use. ally reviews on the topic has showed consistent trends and findings, however, to validate such claims, more research should be made to ensure the occurrence of such effects in the psychological behavior of individual that use marijuana. Researches should also determine the effects, if there is, of cannabinoid, the component of marijuana, in the fertility of both men and women. Knowing how the cannabinoid receptor reacts with other reproductive organs does not provide concrete proof as to how it affects the reproductive viability. It was also mentioned that there is proof that cannabinoid receptors impair the healthy function of the testicular system however, more research should pursue to discover other possible receptors that can influence the reproductive process of humans. It is important to know viable factors that contribute to assorted sexual dysfunctions in the body. This is not only to benefit people, but also those who have struggled to understand their reproductive process. The analysis on the psychological effects of marijuana can help determine appropriate treatments and medications in sexual dysfunctions. It is importance with this advocate to study the endocannabinoid system thoroughly and accurately. This knowledge and attempt is critical in analyzing the reproductive behavior of agents that either benefits or adversely antagonize the reproductive process.ReferenceGye, M., Kang, H. H., Kang, H. J. (2005). Expression of cannabinoid receptor 1 in mouse testes. Archives ofAndrology, 51, 247-255.Guo, Y., Wang, H., Okamoto, Y, Ueda, N., Kingsley, P. J., Mamett, L. J., et al. (2005). Nacylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D is an important determinantof uterine anandamide levels during implantation. ledger of BiologicalChemistry, 280, 23429-23432.Gorzalka, Boris B. Hill, Matthew N. (2006). Cannabinoids, Reproduc tion and Sexual Behavior. Annual Review of Sex Research, Vol. 17, p132-161Hall, W. (1987). A simplified logic of causal inference. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 21, 507-513, 1987.Kolodny, R. C, Masters, W H., Kolodner, R. M., Toro, G. (1974). Depression of plasma testosterone levels after chronic intensive marihuana use. New England Journal of Medicine, 290, 872-874Kolodny, R. C, Bauman, J. E., Biggs, M. A., Webster, S. K., Dornbush, R. L. (1977, July-August.). Endocrine and sexual effects of female chronic marihuana use.Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Academy of Sex Research,Bloomington, IN.Maccarone, M., Valensise, H., Bari, M., Lazzarin, N., Romanini, C, Finazzi-Agro, A.(2000). Relation between decreased anandamide hydrolase concentrations in humanlymphocytes and miscarriage. Lancet, 355, 1326-1329.Maccarone, M., Bisogno, T, Valensise, H., Lazzarin, N., Fezza, F, Manna, C, et al. (2002).Low fatty acid amide hydrolase and high anand amide levels are associated with failureto achieve an ongoing pregnancy after IVF and embryo transfer. Molecular HumanReproduction, 8, 188-195.Melis, M., Succu, S., Mascia, M., Sanna, F, Melis, T, Castelh, M., Argiolas, A. (2006).The cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR-141716A induces penile erection in male ratsInvolvement of paraventricular glutamic acid and nitric oxide. Neuropharmacology, 50,219-228.Park, B., McPartiand, J. M., Glass, M. (2004). Cannabis, cannabinoids and reproduction.Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 70, 189-197.Rossato, M., Ion Popa, F, Feriggio, M., Clari, G., Foresta, C. (2005). Human spermexpress cannabinoid receptor Cbj, the activation of which inhibits motility, acrosomereaction, and mitochondrial function. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism,90, 984-991.Wenger, T, Ledent, C, Csernus, V., Gerendai, I. (2001). The central cannabinoid receptorinactivation suppresses endocrine reproductive functions. Biochemical and Biophys icalResearch Communications, 284, 363-368.